What Is Technology Assessment Essays - Technology,

What Is Technology Assessment? Official SUMMARY This report plans to acclimate and to give a comprehension of Technology Assessment both in its over a significant time span structure. Its various perspectives, approaches, devices and techniques, which are generally pertinent to the building chief and expert the same, are talked about. The four diverse Technology Assessment ideal models as portrayed by Eijnhoven (1997) alongside the perspectives on teachers in this subject on the inquiry What is Technology Assessment? , is likewise talked about and dissected. By understanding the underlying foundations of innovative appraisal and its effects on regular day to day existence, one can perceive and welcome the significance of its quality in an ever-evolving condition. The initial segment of this report intends to accomplish this. The second piece of this report depicts the expanded requirement for specialists to consolidate Technology Assessment into building dynamic and its training. Diverse building controls will see Technology Assessment in alternate points of view. How they will move toward a specific issue through the distinctive ecological, social, specialized, financial and political components is a piece of the dynamic procedure (Taylor, 2000). THE NEED FOR TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT Brief History In the post-war period, the need of considering social expenses and advantages just as private expenses and advantages got obvious. At that point, issues identifying with anticipating the future outcomes of complex innovations turned out to be increasingly self-evident (Freeman 1995). Such a model if the issue of atomic force. The restrictions of an absolutely financial matters based appraisal of social and ecological issues had gotten clear. It was in these conditions that methods of 'Innovation Assessment' started to be utilized trying to beat the weaknesses and restrictions of money saving advantage examination. In this manner, Technology Assessment was embraced by U.S Congress and governments from around the globe and was broadly perceived through the need to make openly accessible appraisal of the expected dangers, perils, expenses and advantages of growing new innovations. It additionally started the significance of parliamentary control of evaluation methodology and the inclusion of assorted orders. Reflections A case of growing new advances would be the asset introduction by Wahidul Biswas on Socio-Technical Design in Mechanical Engineering. In his introduction, Wahidul discusses the results of new advances, that is, social and ecological perspectives. New advancements (NT's) focuses less on the numbers utilized (a social perspective) and prompts deficient ignition and biomass utilization in creating nations (a natural angle). Innovation Assessment as depicted in Eijnhoven readings by the talk from Bronwyn Holland as a similitude that 'Innovation Assessment lights up the obscurity/darkness of the innovation society interface' (Eijnhoven 1997). This is very obvious. In a general public where nothing is exceptionally open, Technology Assessment is important to carry innovation and society to 'light', in a manner of speaking, so as to increase a superior comprehension. One significant reason for innovation appraisal, by and large, will be constant improvement. By utilizing assessment results, one will better see how a mechanical item or procedure is working and where it is going. With this more prominent seeing, better choices can be made that will improve/refine the life of the item or procedure over the long haul. Models would include: ? radiation ? atomic vitality ? fuel emanations Negative impacts of the abovementioned, when all is said in done, are turning out to be constructive outcomes through the ceaseless execution of innovation appraisal. Another genuine model would be in the territory of Health Technologies. The asset introduction by Hung Nguyen on Design issues in Electrical Engineering discusses the need to plan a non-intrusive hypoglycaemia screen equipped for observing hypoglycaemia conditions, without extricating blood or body liquid. Innovation appraisal is important in structuring such a gadget for diabetic patients. Utilizing new and improving innovation, further developed checking frameworks can be structured and actualized to all the more likely satisfy society. Designers are as of now taking a shot at such a gadget. As expressed in his talk, there is no hypoglycaemia screen in the market at present. There are a wide range of motivations to assess a specific innovation. Numerous individuals think about an appraisal as a nerve-wracking process intended to decide kept subsidizing or acknowledgment. Despite the fact that settling on choices on kept subsidizing or acknowledgment could be a motivation behind innovation evaluation, there are numerous different reasons why one ought to survey innovation. A portion of these reasons are: ? To give data to architects and others on parts of the innovation that function admirably and the potential issues that emerges. ? To get potential

13 Cool and Creative Ways to Say I Love You

13 Cool and Creative Ways to Say I Love You That unbalanced second when you believe you love somebody however don't have the foggiest idea how to communicate it. Sounds natural? Everything deteriorates as the Valentine’s Day comes and it is relied upon to be an opportunity to proclaim love. Clearly, you need to make the second exceptional. You need to place genuine significance into the standard expression I love you. Or then again you need to follow the standard an activity is worth one thousand words. Anyway, here are probably the most remarkable approaches to show your unique somebody that they are so essential to you. Also, not just on the Valentine’s Day. 1. Love Soundwave No, we’re not looking at sending a singing wire. Rather, consider getting a ring, emblem, or painting of the soundwave of a unique expression. A few organizations can take your adored one’s name (or even a sentimental inside â€Å"code word†) and transform it into an excellent insignia of your commitment. 2. iPhone Style Love Message In our iPhone age it’s likely that your cherished one invests more energy in their telephone than flipping through photograph collections. Things being what they are, the reason not give the person in question a consistent token of you, each time they go to check their Facebook? There are numerous organizations like Casetify or Spreadshirt that permit you to transform your Instagram photographs into a keepsake case for iPhone, so your adored one generally has a close by token of the amount you give it a second thought. 3. Enchantment Beans On the off chance that you have an accomplice that doesn’t mind the expectation of sitting tight for your Valentine’s message, look no farther than the Talking Beans. After only a couple of long periods of delicate consideration, this genuine bean plant shoots from its blessing wrapped bundling with an individual message cut into the bean itself. It’s charming, however it’s route more beneficial than candy! 4. A Toast to Remember Breakfast has never been the most sentimental feast of a day. Time to break generalizations. The reasonable silicone toast-topper permits you to print your affection message legitimately onto the morning meal treat. Nothing can beat this for a beginning to the ideal day. 5. The Art of Love Why not transform love rub into bit of affection? It might appear to be somewhat gooey yet it was some time in the past when the sonnets were composed and representations were painted for the sake of adoration. Be unique and resuscitate the convention. You may utilize increasingly present day artistic expressions. There are instant Love Is Art packs with white canvas, red and dark paint, and body scrubber. Antiquated pencil and paper will likewise do as long as you utilize those to communicate your emotions. 6. Love Puzzle Who can leave behind a chance to endeavor to finish a riddle? Presently, you can show your adoration the amount you care by giving them the endowment of puzzlement notwithstanding the sweet love message. The choices are various †make a riddle out of your preferred photograph or purchase an instant riddle, similar to a Sweet Talk Valentine’s Rubik’s Cube. 7. Advanced Style On the off chance that you need to have a major effect on a little spending plan, this is perhaps the best experience you can give your accomplice. All you need is to yet helium-filled inflatables and pack them into your paramour’s loft. At that point, transform your messages of adoration into remarkable QR codes and tape them to each dangling string. It’s a pleasant method to share the individual notices you’ve been yearning to let them know. 8. Double Language of Love Why settle for letting him know or her how you feel in English? Step into the future by sharing your emotions in twofold code. In spite of the fact that you can purchase a neckband or ring with â€Å"I Love You† written in the language of PCs, you can likewise set aside some cash and make something all your own. QBit can assist you with deciphering your message so you can transform it into craftsmanship, food, or a tattoo to intrigue your adored one. 9. For Those Who Are Daring Enough Show that your adoration is interminable and you are not reluctant to catch it foreveron your skin. Plan a tattoo for you and your adored one and recommend to go to the tattoo salon together. In the event that your sweetheart isn't much into tattoos, you can do it all alone. Simply ensure you spell her(his) name right or better pick some unique image of your connections. 10. Level Up Your Love On the off chance that you have a gamer darling, they will go Donkey Kong all over you when they understand what this blessing can do. The 8-Bit Dynamic Light Shirt is intended to be bought two by two, with each shirt indicating six hearts at half-life. At the point when the shirts get into nearness of one another, full wellbeing is reestablished. How’s that for a game-changing Valentine’s blessing? 11. The Way to His Heart†¦ It just wouldn’t be a presentation of affection without a bunch. Yet, this year, flavor it up by making a Bacon Bouquet. All you need is a bunch of plastic rose stems, a jar (or brew stein), and a bundle of bacon. Wrap each piece like a blossom bud and fry for 8-10 minutes. This is an inventive option in contrast to exhausting old roses, and undeniably increasingly tasty! 12. Go Old Fashioned There was an old decent convention to make blended tapes for the dates. Sentimental as damnation. On the off chance that you are into vintage and youll discover the best approach to make a blended tape or a vinyl in with great music †make certain to do it. It will be acknowledged without a doubt. Be that as it may, there is a simpler and progressively current approach to do it †CDs, mp3 players or some other approaches to make a play show you may consider. 13. Simply Say It Nothing is progressively sentimental a genuine and nothing can communicate your emotions better than saying the words I love you. Ensure the second is unique. Most likely itll be a poorly conceived notion to state it in the stuffed open vehicle, however its your choice when the second is compose. Recollect †your sound and eye to eye connection are significant. On the off chance that you get apprehensive about the thought †take a stab at rehearsing it before the mirror. Be that as it may, regardless of how you state it and where you state it †on the off chance that you are with the correct individual youll never lament saying it for all to hear. We are hanging tight for your criticism! Which thought did you like the best? What is your own specific manner to imaginatively communicate your sentiments?

5 General Tips To Create A Good Blog Post

5 General Tips To Create A Good Blog Post Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 General Tips To Create A Good Blog PostUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : JasmineTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/1kdDJJO CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOk, let’s admit it. We all want our blogs to be read, be it for marketing purposes, the generation of advertising revenue or simply to be heard (or rather, read) in the World Wide Web!If we had intended to keep our knowledge to ourselves or our thoughts private, we would not have even started blogging in the first place, right? We would have written all our tips and thoughts in a diary instead.So how do we write a great blog post that captures a reader’s attention, and make him or her wants to come back for more? Here are 5 tips that you could apply:#1 Have A Catchy Interesting TitleThink of a title that is captivating enough to induce the curiosity of the reader, making him/her want to read further to fi nd out more. Which post would you prefer to read: “Nail that job in 5 ways!” or “Preparation tips for an interview”?Include search terms in your blog title so that anyone Googling for information would be able to find your post.#2 Provide Links Tag Your PostsReaders want information in an easy way, so they’d be grateful if they can get more information from your posts without having to look far. Do this by linking keywords to sites where they can read up more on the topic. You can also link your posts back to any of your older ones if they are related.Tag your posts according to their respective categories. This allows the readers to find them easily especially if they would like to read more on the same theme or genre.#3 Write Short Sentences In Point FormYou dont want your readers to get cock-eyed! It is definitely much easier on the eye reading text written in point form compared to paragraphs and paragraphs of words. Most people do not spend a long time on each site and once they are bored or tired, they’d move on to another site. Besides, there are probably various other sites offering similar information. I myself would skip to another site if you’ve given me lines and lines of information to read!KISS, by keeping it short and simple. Go straight to the point delivering what you want to say. There is no need to impress the reader with bombastic jargon for the average reader out there is most likely to be an average Joe who is a layman in the field.READPPC vs Organic SEO: What Should You Choose?#4 Talk To Your AudienceWrite as though you are talking to your readers. Dont write in a too formal way. Not only it can get boring, we dont want to feel as though we are reading some notes that our lecturer gave.Give your post a personal touch by often referring to yourself and giving personal opinions and experiences. They want to hear you, be it your reviews of a product, your disagreements on a topic or how you think your tips can help them. B logs are, after all, supposed to be a personal log. The readers would want to feel as though they can connect with you.#5. Check For Grammatical Spelling ErrorsIf the post I’m reading contains grammatical and spelling errors, I’d start wondering if the writer is reliable in providing me information. It would seem dodgy. It doesnt leave a good impression on the blogger and readers might start to doubt his credibility, as well as be potentially confused with the message that is being tried to convey.If you are using WordPress, use the built-in spell checker or use a reliable spell checker plugin. This way, grammatical and spelling errors are highlighted. Make an effort on this. After all, would you date a person who couldn’t be bothered about his/her appearance and left the house in a shoddy manner?Of course, the core of a post would still be its contents but if the little things were not paid attention to, all the great contents in the world wouldn’t entice your reader to ev en read, and definitely not come back for more.

Dubais Financial Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1766 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Dubai Financial Market Contents Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dubais Financial Market" essay for you Create order Mission and Objective: Activities: Products / Services: Operations: Rules and Regulations: Benefits and usage: Mission and Objective: Dubai Financial Market, the stock exchange of UAE is established on 26th March, 2000 at Dubai as a public institution having its own independent corporate body by a resolution from the Ministry of Economy no, 14 of 2000. The DFM is working as a secondary market for trading of securities issued by public joint stock companies, bonds issued by the Federal Government or any of the local Governments or any public institutions of the country, units of investment funds, and any other local or foreign instruments, acceptable in the market. The mission of DFM is to provide different types of professional services related to stock exchange market to ensure with the variety of innovative services related to Trading, Clearing, Settlement and Depository of different instruments in an efficient, transparent and liquid environment. There are three such institutions in UAE, named as Dubai Financial market, Abu Dhabi Security Exchange- who is mainly working on the UAE Companys securities and NASDAQ Dubai-mainly deals in foreign instruments. The concept of stock exchange market is relatively new to UAE and people were keen to know the tricks of investing in stock exchange market. To guide them in proper manner the Government established DFM with common objective of educating the investment savvy Emiratis with the perspective of huge interest to be grown in UAE people and the revenue generation by way of volume of trading to the Government treasury. When a stock exchange is established in any country, the companies rush to list their instruments there for easy, transparent and professional trading enabling the companies to flourish with their performances. DFM is no exception, particularly with the high level of professional execution, the members are happy. The credential of a stock exchange may be derived by the volume of transactions take place for certain period, but behind the screen, the satisfactory level of the clients are also major factor to rate the stock exchange abo ut its efficiency level. The basic values of DFM to be followed are- transparency, confidentiality, efficiency, innovation and integrity. A long path to be flowed with the strong values makes the venture successful and trust worthy for the members of the institution. DFM runs with a vision to prove its entity as the World Class Regional marketplace. Activities: The activities of DFM are multi-folded- 1) To enlist new instruments in the exchange. 2) Calculate the derivatives 3) Ensure the smooth function of trading 4) Disbursement of capital to the eligible entity 5) The collection of revenue related to the transactions 6) The proper launching IPOs To enlist the new instruments in the market, there are certain systems which are set by the universal guideline and the same is to be followed. For calculation of derivatives, there is some calculation based on statistics which is done at the exchange by the experts. For smooth trading, the software is to be full proof and should not be prone to break down. The shut down process for maintenance or overhauling may be exercised during the period of official holidays. The disbursement of capital to the eligible entities- the seller should be flown from the buyer through Demat bank account and the process is to cash n carry which is monitored by the portfolio managers of the stock exchange. The collection of revenue from the transaction to be debited to the seller and buyer and that invoicing is done as per the standard system which is automatic and should not falter. When an IPO is launched, there seems to be heavy propaganda in media related to that. The opening and the closing date ar e mentioned in the brochure. The monitoring of the entire procedure is the portfolio of stock exchange market. Products / Services: The following products are available from the desk of DFM:- Equity instruments- DFM operates as a secondary market for the trading of equities and other instruments issued by Public shareholding companies and Government and Quasi- Government entities whether based in UAE or overseas. The categories of equities provided by DFM are- 1) shares,2) Dual Listed Shares, 3) Other Financial instruments. The shares are of the limited company shares floated in the stock exchange can be bought and become the partial owner of the company. The dual shares are the shares listed in more than one market, like one share listed in DFM and Gulf Finance House. The category of other financial instruments includes TEFs, Security lending and Borrowing, Market Maker, Short Selling, Mutual Funds, Rights Issues and Cover Warrants. Debt Instruments- As per the vision of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Al Maktoum, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, with his initiative to develop into the Capital of Islamic Economy and transform Dubai into a global sukuk center, DFM is the pioneer of debt instruments as per the principle of Fatwaa and Sharia Supervisory Board. There are two types bonds readily available in DFM- 1) Sukuk (Islamic Bonds) and Bonds. DFM along with NASDAQ Dubai offer a selection of Sukuk through single trading platform, including Sukuk listed by equity issuers, government bodies and institutions. DFM and NASDAQ Dubai listed Sukuk are tradable on-exchange. The conventional concept of Sukuk is not as per the concept of bonds; here the interest is not payable in cash, instead accumulated in asset, usufructs and financial rights. Bonds are also floated in the market by DFM and NASDAQ Dubai in the forms of selection of bonds including bonds listed by equity issuers, Government bodies and institutions. DFM an d NASDAQ Dubai listed bonds are tradable on-exchange. Securities Lending and Borrowing- SLB is the term used for temporary loan against securities by a lender or borrower on the condition that the lender may recall the securities at any time of his choice, subject to normal market settlement cycle not withstanding any agreed maturity date, or borrower may return the securities at any time. The merits of SLB are that the process leads to market efficiency and liquidity, in turn reduces market volatility by reducing bid/offer spread and increasing bid/offer depth, allows price discovery and the arbitrage of pricing inefficiencies, supports the development of the capital market by facilitating various investment strategies. IVESTOR- Unique innovation for investors to get eh benefit of dividend receiving through the IVESTOR Card. As per the resolution of Securities and Commodities Authority with no 28/R of 2010, this concept is initiated by DFM, mainly for the youth below age of 21, to encourage them for trading in DFM security market. The feature of this card is to get the dividend through this card instead of cheques. the instant credit in the card make the holder ready for further deployment funds at his wish instantly with any ATM all over the world with VISA or Plus features. E Services- The E Service is fast track web based solution backed by latest technology run by DFM for the clients like investors, issuers, brokers and custodians and vendors. In todays fast paced world, the service is required urgently with the click of mouse. The information and services required by the associates are to be provided in their fingertips with updated data for their decision making to make easy and instant. Operations: Being launched in 2000, DFM is steadily growing with its operations towards different area of activities related to stock exchange. The area of operations increase with the addition of products or services provided to the clients. The promotion of basic products of financial markets is the key reason to enhance operations in such a level so that it can satisfy the cliental base, in house and overseas. The total listing of 67 UAE based companies and a few dual listing companies of MENA region countries make DFM a substantially big stock market with national and international transactions to reach a high point. Looking towards 2020 Dubai Expo, the stock exchange is already in revamping its operations by the guideline of Chief Operating Officer. The business of stock exchange, like other businesses seldom experience crest and trough and DFM is no exception. Born in 2000, DFM first experienced the downfall in 2006 with 60% value drop. In the year 2006 November, DFM was converted to a pub lic joint stock company by issuing an IPO with selling 20% of its stock to public and 80% held by Borse Dubai, owned by Dubai Government. The mode operation enhanced as per the demand of the situation and now DFM proves its worth by applying the operation process in proper line excelling the performance. Rules and Regulations: As per the Decision no 3/R of 2000 concerning the regulations as to disclosure and transparency the Chairman of the board of Directors of the securities and commodities authority having considered Federal law no. 4 of 2000 concerning the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority and Market, Council of Ministers Resolution no 193/18 of 13.03.2000 concerning the constituting of the Board of Directors of the authority, after consultation and coordination with the bodies concerned in the establishment of markets in the state, and pursuant to the resolution of the Authoritys Board of directors at its meeting held on 29.10.2000, has decided to approve the following regulations as to disclosure and transparency. The rules and regulations are covered by Articles with no. 1 to 38 stating the various aspects of law related to the stock exchange market as per the rule set by UAE Government. The rules basically reserve the right of the associates of the stock market along with ensuring the i nterest of the associates. The rule not allows any such loopholes through which any untoward advantages can be availed by any of the associates to make other respective associate to loss. The laws are governed by the Stock exchange authority of UAE and DFM strictly follow the law to ensure proper execution in the lawful manner. Benefits and usage: Benefits of Dubai Financial market is being observed by the investors and issuers along with the other associates like vendors, brokers, custodians and the employee of DFM. The taste of share transactions with the view of profits or loss makes the people of UAE aware of the trend of stock exchange. The local UAE companies have the benefit of local listing and the investors have the benefit of trading in local as well as international segment of share trading. The usage of DFM is to earn revenue on behalf of the Government and to monitor the transactions to have the clear idea of share trading locally or internationally. The booming business environment of UAE looking forward towards Dubai Expo 2020 is supported by DFM and the end result to all associates will be favorable.

Accounting Scandal The Biggest Ponzi Scheme - 925 Words

Business ethics is an important characteristic of any business since it confirms that the purposes of any firms are achieved in morally acceptable ways. It also certifies that firms perform their moral responsibility towards society. Throughout the past several years, many scandals have rocked the economy and hurt investor confidence. Accounting scandals have become a regular incidence in the American business landscape, which will most likely to haunt other business in the years to come. Since accounting is the basis of all financial reporting, an accounting scandal does not only affect a business butt it also makes the government to rethink about its reforms or introduce new laws to the investors to make the investment market more secure for them. One of the biggest accounting scandal which affected the entire accounting system and even enforced the SEC and the US government to introduce new reforms was Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme; which have been regarded as the biggest Ponzi schem e in history. Bernie Madoff was an American investment adviser and stock broker who operated Madoff Investments in an unethically acceptable manner. He used the company as a front to commit a Ponzi scheme which swindled investors of over $65 billion; this is the largest Ponzi scheme ins history. It is believed that Madoff only stole $20 billion from principle investment; the rest of the money was Bernie imagination that he convinced his investors that their investment worth $65 billion. SeveralShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture, Management Philosophy And Ethics999 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization; from operations, marketing, and, accounting. No matter the size, industry or level of profitability of an organization, business ethics are one of the most important aspects of long-term success. According to Webster’s dictionary, ethics can be defined as the â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad† these rules influence every aspect of our society (I nvestopedia, N.D.) (Webster’s, N.D.). While sometimes overlooked, accounting plays a large role in many organizationsRead MoreMadoff1255 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will include a review of the Madoff Securities case. The Madoff Securities case involved the cunning Bernard L. Madoff swindling his clients to believe that he could guarantee them high profits. Madoff is the largest Ponzi scheme in history. Madoff Securities Case Bernard L. Madoff started the investment firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS). Bernard Madoff began trading securities from the 1960s. From as early asRead MorePonzi Scheme1146 Words   |  5 PagesPonzi Scheme Keller Graduate School Forensics Accounting The Bernie Madoff scam truly made history. Bernie Madoff probably would not have been able to prolong this scam without the continued help of the Accounting Firm of Friehling amp; Horowitz CPAs PC, who at last reported purported to audit financial statements and disclosures of Madoff firm for the last 17 years. Ponzi schemed to help Madoff by trying to go undetected because of Friehling deceiving investors and regulators by declaringRead MoreIt’s amazing the amount of financial scandals there has been happening during the past decade, most1200 Words   |  5 PagesIt’s amazing the amount of financial scandals there has been happening during the past decade, most of them from the financial banking system. Reckless management practices that try to lure the public with false statements in order to fill up their own pockets. Scandals such as, the Bernie Madoff with his ponzi scheme, The Libor Scandal with the fixed rates, as well as the famous scandal of the Lehman Brothe rs, all of them were great acts of corruption and unethical behavior, trying to abuse of theRead MoreAn Audit Of An Auditor2930 Words   |  12 PagesWhen using management’s statements, a user need to understand that the preparation of the financial statements requires management to make substantial accounting estimates and decisions, also in order to choose from among several alternative accounting principles and methods that are most appropriate within the guidelines of generally accepted accounting standards (GAAP). Role of an auditor The auditor’s role is different from the role of the management; the auditor is responsible for expressingRead MoreMadoff Scandal6132 Words   |  25 PagesCareer 2 The Firm 3 Sales Strategy 4 Investment Strategy 5 The Scandal 7 He was not alone 9 The Markopolos Whistle 11 The collapse 13 Charges and Sentence 13 The Victims 14 2009 Ponzi Schemes 16 The SEC Failure 17 SEC post- Madoff 19 Hedge Fund Transparency 20 Conclusion 21 Bibliography 25 Tables Table 1: List of Madoff Clients (taken from the The New York Times, last updated June 24, 2009) 15 Table 2: 2009 Ponzi Scheme SEC Charges 17 Figures Figure 1 Fairfield Sentry vs GatewayRead MoreEssay on White Collar Crimes in America3039 Words   |  13 Pagesprofessionals. These crimes are not victimless nor unnoticed. A single scandal can destroy a company and can lose investors millions of dollars. Today, fraud schemes are more sophisticated than ever, and through studying: Enron, LIBOR, Albert Wiggan and Chase National Bank, Lehman Brothers and Madoff, we find how the culprits started there deception, the aftermath of the scandal and what our country has done to prevent future scandals. In the 1920’s, Wall Street was a very different place than itRead MoreFinancial Fraud in Canada7212 Words   |  29 Pagesfraud†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦9 E-mail fraud/phishing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Identity theft and Title fraud†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 C) Investment Fraud: Ponzi Scheme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 History of the Ponzi Scheme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Recent financial scandals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......13 Ponzi Schemes and Market Regulation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Organized crime and financial crimes A) Organized Crime in Canada†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 B) Money laundering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Theory Of Corporate Criminal Liability Essay2567 Words   |  11 Pagesconsequent upon such a criminal behavior. (i) Scandals of The Century: One of the earliest of the 20th Century’s financial rogues was Italian immigrant Charles Ponzi, who served prison term in Canada for forgery before setting up a business in Boston and London when he discovered he could buy international postal coupons abroad, then resell them in the United States for a higher price. In what was known as a ‘Ponzi scheme’ or a pyramid scheme, Ponzi pooled money from his initial investors, who madeRead MoreMadoff Scandal1822 Words   |  8 PagesThe Madoff Scandal: 50 billion questions and few answers Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Description of Events †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Analysis of Scenario †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Questions about Madoff †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Solutions and Alternatives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Abstract Bernie Madoff ran the biggest in the history of the world. The details

Project Analysis Rosetta Stone - 1492 Words

Rosetta Stone is a technology innovative company that operates in the education field. Their competitive advantage lies in the idea that they are able to use the strengths of a technology company and apply them in the educational landscape where the competition appears to be more traditional. Through research and experience, Rosetta Stone has created a unique product that can be used all around the world no matter of the level of the person. Their first goal is to market themselves as an innovator in the technological world. They do not want to narrow themselves solely as a language platform, but instead as a resources for people from all around the world that have the desire to learn a new language using a proven and effective approach. The main strategic idea that Rosetta Stone is trying to achieve is to change the way people learn. They need financing to reach more customers and show that their learning strategy is not only great for languages but also to learn anything else. Look ing at the financial forecast provided in the case, it appears too optimistic because the real decline in growth only happens at around 2012. Rosetta Stone being as successful as they are and going public soon will entice other companies to at least follow their lead and increase the competition in the technology and educational sector. This increased competition would cause revenue growth to decline at a faster rate than what management projects because similar companies would get into pricingShow MoreRelatedRosetta Stone : An Innovative Technology Company1602 Words   |  7 PagesRosetta Stone is an innovative technology company that operates in the education field. Their competitive advantage lies in the idea that they are able to use the strengths of a technology company and apply them in the educational landscape where the competition appears to be more traditional. 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Symbolism In 2 free essay sample

Symbolism In # 8220 ; The Glass Menagerie # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Throughout # 8220 ; The Glass Menagerie # 8221 ; , Tennessee Williams utilizes a assortment of symbols. The symbols create innusual vibraphones that make the full drama. The symbols scope from the jonquils to the unicorn. The jonquils that are referred to from clip to clip throughout the play represent Amanda # 8217 ; s compulsion with her vernal yesteryear. # 8220 ; jonquils became an absolute compulsion # 8221 ; p. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism In 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 951. When Amanda is taken back to her vernal yearss she reminisces about her tonss of gentlemen companies. She ever speaks lovingly of her beauty and determine the 17 gentlemen companies she had one time received. # 8220 ; One 17 # 8211 ; gentlemen companies! # 8221 ; p.929, she says. The symbolism of the unicorn ironically simple. The unicorn symbolizes Laura. Laura is really different from normal immature females. She is confined in her ain small universe. The unicorn and Laura are parallel in that both stand out. Jim notices notices and recognizes the fact and states # 8220 ; Unicorns, aren # 8217 ; t they extinct in the modern universe? # 8221 ; p. 966. He besides says # 8220 ; You knows # 8211 ; you are # 8211 ; good # 8212 ; really different! # 8221 ; p.266 When Laura opens up to Jim her frights begin to vaporize. Because this metabolism occurs she becomes more like your norm or typical miss. When the unicorn interruptions Laura seems to be cognizant that alteration may be good. When she says to Jim # 8220 ; Maybe it # 8217 ; s a approval in disquise # 8221 ; p.966 her alteration becomes more evident. The hornless glass animate being is transformed into a normal glass figure when the unicorn interruptions. On p.966 Laura states # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; ll merely conceive of the horn was removed to do him experience less capricious # 8230 ; # 8221 ; besides allows the reader to cognize that when Laura dances and converse with Jim, she excessively feels less capricious. The scarf, image of Amanda # 8217 ; s hubby, and casket symbolize flight for Tom. The usage of the magician’s scarf on Laura that changes Canary Islandss to goldfish and so forth is a feeble effort. The purposes and motivations are that Laura will be transformed into a productive, independent, and married single. Why? So, that Tom can go forth place with the confidence that she is good cared for and that Amanda is satisfied. â€Å"I mean that every bit shortly as Laura has got person to take attention of her, married, a place of her ain, independent—why, so you’ll be free†¦Ã¢â‚¬ p.942, says Amanda. Tom # 8217 ; s male parent, the telephone adult male, that preferred long distance, is thought of by Tom as a lucky adult male. Both of them are driven out of their marbless by Amand. Tom envies his male parent because he escaped without a hint. Tom, on the other manus, is fighting to go from his deranged female parent. He spends every waking dark at the films imbibing to comfort his defeats. Tom admits while indicating to his male parent # 8217 ; s image # 8220 ; Why, listen, if self is what I thought of, Mother, I # 8217 ; vitamin D be where he is # 8212 ; -gone! p.937 During one of his nightly jaunts, he stumbled across Malvolio the Magician. His fast ones were extremely alone in that he got out of a nailed casket without taking the nails. After geting place Tom provinces, # 8220 ; There is a fast one that would come in ready to hand for me # 8212 ; acquire me out of this 2 by 4 state of affairs! # 8221 ; p.938. He means that he wishes that his going was a clean get off, one that wouldn # 8217 ; t do anyone hurting. As can be seen by all of the predating statements, symbolism is so one of the foundations of this drama. in the discovering of the right readings, the procedure of guess led to commendation ; which either confirmed a point to be valid or contradicted it all together. # 8220 ; The Glass Menagerie # 8221 ; has dramatic hidden significances ( symbolism ) that allow each character # 8217 ; s inner battle to be profoundly felt by the reader.

Malaysia Essays - Borneo, Maritime Southeast Asia,

Malaysia Malaysia Like many other countries, Malaysia has much history. The country's ancestors came to Malaysian area between 2500 and 1500 B.C. The earliest inhabitants are the Orang Asli of the Peninsula, Penan of Sarawak and the Rungus of Sabah. These people did and still live as nomads. The ancestors migrated from China and India. The next group of people to arrive to the country were the Malays. Many of these people were traders who later settled in Malaysia. Along with the immigrants, the religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam also settled into the inhabitants. As years past, Europeans, including the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutch, and British, conquered Malaysia, which ended up with Malaysia having its present-day states. The United Kingdom finally took control of Malaysia, colonizing it. Finally, on September 16, 1963, Malaysia became independent as a federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawalk. Later on, Singapore left the federation, becoming a separate nation. Malaysia has unique physical features. The Malaysia's area is 320,758 sq. km (127,320 sq. miles) and its land area is 328,550 sq. km; it is a little bit larger than New Mexico. About four-fifths of Malaysia are covered by tropical rain forest. Malaysia's highest peak is the Gunung Tahan, standing 2,187 meters tall (7,175ft) in Peninsular Malaysia. This peak is in one of Malaysia's most mountainous regions. The configuration of the country's land and heavy rainfall formed its many rivers. The longest rivers in Malaya are the Sungai Pahang and the Sungai Perak. The rivers of Sarawak and Sabah are longer than the ones in Malaya or Peninsula. The Rajang of Sarawak is the longest. Malaysia's Crocker Range lies in Sabah, having an average of 457 to 914 meters, dividing the lowland of the northwest coast from West Malaysia's interior. This mountain range ends on Malaysia's and Southeast Asia's highest mountain, Gunung Kinabalu (4,101 m). Sarawak's highest peak is the Gunung Murud. Climate h ere is tropical. This country has monsoons in the northeast (October to February) and southwest (April to October), which controls its climate. The average temperature throughout the year is 26 degrees Celsius, usually high since Malaysia lies in the equatorial zone. The basis of the country's economy was first based on its natural resources: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, and bauxite. Malaysia's economy industry includes its natural resources, along with electronics, textiles, and transportation equipment. The country's export crops include rubber, palm oil, timber, cocoa, and its food crops are rice, cassava, fish, corn, and sweet potatoes. Malaysia makes $72 billion out of its exports, and $72.2 billion from imports. Its partners in exports are Singapore (21%), USA (20%), Japan (12%), UK (4%), and Germany (3%). Its partners in imports are Japan (26%), USA (17%), Singapore (14%), Taiwan (5%), Germany (4%), UK (3%), and South Korea (3%). The Malaysian population is made up of the Malay and other natives (59%), Chinese (32%), and Indians (9%). The population of Malaysia is an estimate of 21,793,293 and has a population density of 170. The ethnic diversity governs the languages that are spoken in Malaysia and what its religions are. In Peninsular Malaysia, Malay, English, Tamil, and Chinese dialects are spoken. In Sabah, English, Malay, many tribal dialects, and Chinese (Mandarin and Hakka dialects) are spoken. English, Malay, Mandarin, and numerous tribal languages are spoken in Sarawak. Bahasa Melayu is the National Language, but is used only for official purposes. The Peninsular Malaysia's religions consist of Muslim (Malays), Buddhist (Chinese), and Hindu (Indians) beliefs. Sabah's religions include Muslim (38%), Christian (17%), and other religions (45%). Tribal religion (35%), Buddhist and Confucianist (24%), Muslim (20%), Christian (16%), and other religions (5%) make up Sarawak's religions. The type of governme nt is constitutional monarchy and is headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament. The Malaysian culture is different from others. Malaysian holds religious festivals. There are the Islamic Festivals, which are the Hari Raya Haji and Hari Taya Puasa. For the Chinese, there is Chinese New Year. A Buddhist festival is a holiday celebrating the birth of Buddha and is known as Wesak Day. The Hindu festivals are Deepavali, Thaipusam, and Thai Ponggal. The Christian Festival is Christmas. One last festival, the Sikh, include the birthday of Guru

Biography of George Pullman, Sleeping Rail Car Inventor

Biography of George Pullman, Sleeping Rail Car Inventor George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831–Oct. 19, 1897) was a cabinet-maker turned building contractor turned industrialist who developed the Pullman sleeping car in 1857. Pullmans sleeper, designed for overnight passenger travel, was a sensation that revolutionized the railroad industry, replacing the uncomfortable sleeping cars that had been used on American railroads since the 1830s. But he paid a price in labor union animosity that followed him to his grave. Fast Facts: George M. Pullman Known For: Developing the Pullman railroad sleeper carBorn: March 3, 1831 in Brocton,  New YorkParents: James Pullman, Emily PullmanDied: Oct. 19, 1897 in Chicago, IllinoisSpouse: Harriett SangerChildren: Florence, Harriett, George Jr., Walter Sanger Early Life Pullman was the third of 10 children born to James and Emily Pullman in Brocton, New York. The family relocated to Albion, New York, in 1845 so that Pullman’s father, a carpenter, could work on the  Erie Canal. James Pullmans specialty was moving structures out of the way of the canal with jackscrews and another device he patented in 1841. Move to Chicago When James Pullman died in 1853, George Pullman took over the business. He won a contract with the state of New York the next year to move 20 buildings from the canals path. In 1857, Pullman opened a similar business in  Chicago, Illinois, where much help was needed in raising buildings above the  Lake Michigan  flood plain. Pullman’s company was one of several hired to lift multistory buildings and whole city blocks by four to six feet. Ten years after he moved to Chicago, he married Harriett Sanger. They had four children: Florence, Harriett, and twins George Jr., and Walter Sanger. Working on the Railroad Pullman realized that new buildings with better foundations would reduce the citys need for his services and decided to go into manufacturing and leasing railroad cars. The railroad system was booming, and although the greatest need was for transporting raw materials and finished goods, he had a different idea. He frequently traveled by railroad in pursuit of business but found regular cars to be uncomfortable and dirty. The sleeping cars were just as unsatisfactory, with cramped beds and poor ventilation. He decided to focus on the passenger experience. Partnering with  Benjamin Field, a friend and former New York state senator, he decided to build a sleeper that was not just comfortable. He wanted luxury. He persuaded the Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis Railroad to let him convert two of its cars. The Pullman Sleepers debuted in August  1859 and were a roaring success, with reviewers comparing them to luxury  steamboat  cabins. Pullman briefly succumbed to gold fever, relocating to Colorado and catering to miners before returning to Chicago in the 1860s. He devoted himself to making the sleepers even more luxurious. A Better Sleeper The first made-from-scratch Pullman- the â€Å"Pioneer,† developed with Field- debuted in 1865. It had folding upper berths and seat cushions that could be extended to make lower berths. The cars were expensive, but they gained national attention and increased demand when several of them were included in the train that took Abraham Lincoln’s body from Washington, D.C., back to  Springfield,  Illinois, following his assassination in 1865. (The slain president’s son,  Robert Todd Lincoln,  succeeded Pullman as president of the Pullman Co. after Pullmans death in 1897, serving until 1911.) In 1867, Pullman and Field dissolved their partnership and Pullman became president of the new  Pullman Palace Car Co. In 12 years the company was offering 464 cars for lease. The new company also manufactured and sold freight, passenger, refrigerator, street, and elevated cars. As the railroad industry continued to develop and Pullman prospered, he paid $8 million in 1880 for construction of the town of Pullman, Illinois, on 3,000 acres adjacent to his factory west of Lake Calumet. It provided housing, shops, and other amenities for his company employees at all income levels. Union Strike Pullman, which eventually became a neighborhood of Chicago, was the site of a vicious labor strike beginning in May 1894. Over the previous nine months, the Pullman factory had reduced its workers wages but did not lower the cost of living in its houses. Pullman workers joined labor organizer and American socialist leader Eugene Debs American Railroad Union (ARU) in the spring of 1894 and shut down the factory with a strike on May 11. When management refused to deal with the ARU, the union prompted a nationwide boycott of Pullman cars on June 21. Other groups within the ARU started sympathy strikes on behalf of the Pullman workers in an attempt to paralyze the nations railroad industry. The U.S. Army was called into the dispute on July 3, and the arrival of soldiers sparked widespread violence and looting in Pullman and Chicago. The strike unofficially ended four days later when Debs and other union leaders were jailed. The Pullman factory reopened in August and denied local union leaders an opportunity to return to their jobs. Following the strike, the Pullman Co. continued to thrive. While his factory maintained production of railroad sleeping cars, Pullman also ran the company that built the elevated railway system in  New York City. Death Pullman died of a  heart attack  on Oct. 19, 1897, at the age of 66. The bitter strike left Pullman reviled by the labor movement. So deep was the lingering animosity and fear that, to ward off vandalism or desecration of his body, Pullman was buried in a lead-lined coffin inside an elaborately reinforced, steel-and-concrete vault with walls that were 18 inches thick. Over this were laid steel rails placed at right angles to each other and bolted together. Everything was then covered in tons of concrete. The pit dug for the elaborate vault was the size of an average room. Legacy The Pullman Co. merged with the Standard Steel Car Co. in 1930 and became the Pullman-Standard Co. In 1982, the company built its last car for  Amtrak, and soon afterward the company faded away. By 1987, the assets had been sold off. Pullman transformed the railroad sleeping car from a smelly, cramped mess into rolling luxury, making overnight train travel more appealing to those who could afford it. He created an enormous business that made his name synonymous with a major component of the railroad industry. Sources George M. Pullman: American Industrialist and Inventor. Enclopedia Britannica.George Mortimer Pullman. Pullman-Museum.org.

A study of Relationship Among Visitor's Experience, Travelling Dissertation

A study of Relationship Among Visitor's Experience, Travelling Motivation, Destination Image, Service Quality, Satisfaction an - Dissertation Example Hence, it has become a great concern for parents to spend quality time with their children and undertake meaningful cooperative activities. In addition, proper leisure time management and conveniences of air and sea transport, family tours have become more popular in recent times. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, WTTC, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation and APEC data, tourism travelling encompasses activities such as restaurants, leisure entertainment, transportation, accommodation and travelling service, implying that tourism is indeed made up of big enterprises, which bring about a lot of economic effects (Kotler & Keller, 2011) Evidently, in modern times, people spend quite huge portions of their income and time traveling to destination and undertake activities such as sightseeing with their preschool age children, whose parents always take to theme parks around the world. According to World Travel and Tourism Council’s 2013 Annual Statistical Repost on Tou rism, the average number of trips per person during the year 2012 was 5.12, an increase of 0.66 trips from the 4.46 average of 2011 and 2012 respectively (Kotler & Keller, 2011 ). ... inment, education, unanticipated and happy whole-family experiences for children, parents and grandparents, which make entire families to have a good time at the park. In addition, Janfusun Fancyworld’s establishment, history, environment and activities therein also offer unique services for each person and for each special festival such as Halloween, Christmas, New Year, Father’s Day, Mother’s Day and Easter Day among other holidays and occasions. These are some of the reasons parents, preschool children and other members of families opt for Janfusun Fancyworld as their first-choice destination. In addition to these factors, the rapid increase in internet accessibility and use and emerging marketing concepts and applications have, consumer-oriented and customer-centered markets have also worked in favour Janfusun Fancyworld. To this effect, Janfusun Fancyworld, places emphasis on customer experience, customer value and satisfaction and high quality in its market ing strategies. Janfusun Fancyworld has also exploited the current advances in information technology to improve on creativity, aesthetics, sensibility, intellectuality and participative entertainment and recreational activities. Like other tourism destinations, Janfusun Fancyworld must prioritise strategies to establish and retain consumer satisfaction through quality and diverse services since a thorough understanding of customer service provision and satisfaction have profound effects on consumers’ perceptions on quality, value and satisfaction level is rather integral to modern tourism. Customers’ satisfaction and their intention to revisit are perhaps the most important cornerstones in the tourism industry that any tourist destination intending to remain viable ought not to overlook (Peppers &

Impact of online eduction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impact of online eduction - Assignment Example Lohr’s findings primarily reflect favorable output with students who perform at the optimum given adequate exposure to online tools and mode of instruction compared to those who can meet the average mark in real campus situation. Dean P. R. Regier, in particular, perceives how online education can be estimated to facilitate growth in continuing education programs in a few years for the state of Arizona alone. To Mr. Regier, the flexible evolution of learning online could transform universities and K-12 schools into an ideal condition of teaching that exists not merely within the control of teacher in making students obtain knowledge but even more so, among the students themselves who are free to exploit ‘online learning management systems’ or use ‘social networking technology’ as a platform to conduct university-wide forums or group studies toward interactive learning. Zondiros, however, reserves further concern on examining online education in the context of a globalized economy wherein access to proper education as well as issues of inequality and exclusion are of huge significance and are also affected by factors that are socio-cultural, economic, political, and technological in nature. While the article has already established a basic assumption that learning via online approach is highly contributive, Zondiros notes Harvey’s that â€Å"space, time and money are sources of value and power and the mass of workers does not have them; so, the workers that do not have them cannot have access to Online and Distance Education even they could be benefited by it.† Based on Orfano’s article, despite such global constraints, still, online education can impact learners negatively or positively claiming that as one disadvantage â€Å"students do not hang out in the student union and sit at tables with classmates† anymore wherea s others are rather inclined to view online education

Toyota Philosophy of Kaizen

Toyota Philosophy of Kaizen In the bend of the seventies, the scientific management (Taylorism and Fordism) appears in gap growing, out of step with the new standards of the society. Henceforth markets require diversified and reliable (even individualized!) products. That implies flexibility, reactivity, innovation. These constraints require the implication, the motivation, the versatility, the initiative and the ability to react from the employees, to the detriment of strict submission and obedience. A new logic of production (adaptation of the productive system to the requirements of the market) was required: Toyotism appeared. Toyota Motors Corporation is today the largest vehicle manufacturer in the world. Toyotas success is due to two mains techniques created by Taiichi OHNO (1912-1990), a former president of Toyota in order to compete with the American car industry (Ford particularly). He invented the TPS: Toyota Production System, also named Toyotism and the JIT: just in time. This model was implemented by Toyota since 1962. Those working organization forms were then broadcasted to the USA and Europe. First we will define what is Toyotism, then we will study the evolution of the Toyotism forms and finally, we will see how Toyotism lead to Toyotas management today. About Toyotism Major principles Toyotism has two major principles: the just in time system and the autonomation system. The just in time system which means production in just in time conditions contributes to eliminate inventory. Indeed, stocks are very expensive for the company because it is necessary to conserve goods in perfect shape in huge buildings. Indeed, some goods require a special preservation system which can also be very costly. You also need to pay for storage building. Moreover, the produced goods have generated costs (especially in a country like Japan were space is limited), that are not compensated by sales. More precisely, inventory reduction relies on the Kanban method that consists in producing when demand manifests itself. We start from the command sent to the company to go back upstream to the fabrication level. Thus, it is the final consumer that launches production. Production is then said to be in tight management or in tense flows, contrary to Fordism. Indeed, thanks to just in time (the approach of continuous and forced problem solving via a focus on rapid throughput and reduced inventory), products or raw materials necessary to production arrive when and where they are needed. No more waste and no more delays, so it reduces costs! Thus, the JIT production helps reducing cost by eliminating waste, removing variability and improving throughput. Autonomation (= autonomy + automation) or auto-activation is the second Toyotism principle. The kaizen perfectly describes the principle of continuous improvement of the system. The kaizen is the principle of empowerment of the teams to define standard durations of production and to divide up the diverse manufacturing operations of a product, in order to work more effectively and faster. Empowerment is based on the despecialisation and on the flexibility of the workers. For instance, simple and cheap stop devices are equipped on machines, which allow the supervision of several machines by the same operator. In case of a breakdown or a defect, the worker stops the assembly chain and tries to solve the problem himself. Thus, the employee has to be versatile and qualified enough. Machines are more automated and workers are more autonomous! They improve the human aspect of autonomation. A new working organization form Through those two innovations: the just in time system and the autonomation system, Toyotism aims at obtaining the 5 zeros, also qualified as Lean Production in USA. The Toyotism method consists in reducing production costs, avoid overproduction, reduce delays and produce the best quality possible. So the five conditions are: 0 delay (Just in time production. This method consists in waiting for the commands before producing but they need to be very reactive.) 0 stock (No overproduction so no inventory cost.) 0 paper (No intern paperwork and hierarchy weakening.) 0 default (No good has to be faulty, so as to avoid reparation costs and to satisfy the client) 0 weakening (Thanks to a regular and rigorous maintenance, machines have no defect.) Any activity or decision that does not add value in the customers mind  is considered a waste. Indeed, it is the customer who defines the value of the product. Waste reduction is an effective way to increase profitability. Therefore, Taiichi Onho identified seven categories of wastes: Overproduction (as seen above, overproduction requires inventory  which is a waste of money) Waiting (idle time, storage and waiting are wastes: indeed, if an employee has to queue for his material to start working, you pay him at doing nothing but waiting! Also if a good is neither being transported nor being processed, it is waiting and a good kept waiting is a good that is not being sold, so its a good that does not generate revenue.) Transportation (every time you move a product, you take the risk that it can be damaged or lost or delayed. Moreover, transportation is expensive and it is a real cost that does not add a special value to the product.) Inventory (inventory represents an outlay because your raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP), or finished goods are not producing any income or added value.) Motion (unnecessary movements of equipment or people) Defective products (new extra costs are incurred when your products are faulty: you have to face returns, warranty claims.Sometimes you are also obliged to change all the components or to reschedule the whole production! Defects are a waste of time and money.) Overprocessing (doing work that adds no value in the eye of the customer, or using very precise, complex and expensive manufacturing machines when they are not necessary, is a waste.) To sum up, Toyotism principles are the continuous improvement of the processes (kaizen) by the engineers of production and by the operators themselves, and a production running downstream. Indeed, the buyers orders are given to the production center then executed. It authorizes a lot of flexibility and eliminates stocks; the production that is made in tense flows. Toyotism combines the principles of versatility and autonomy of the operators to improve the productive efficiency. Toyotism seems to reconcile productivity and efficiency, and considering the human factor, to propose richer and more developed tasks. But all these aspects require to produce quickly very diverse cars of excellent quality. Thus, it is important to determine a work organization that can reconcile speed, flexibility and quality. Indeed, despite of its evident successes, Toyotism is today disputed by the workers themselves. It seems that productivity gains in the Japanese factories were obtained by a stress management, it is to say by a tension, a permanent pressure from executives and engineers on the workers. Finally, the employees implication and motivation is obtained by stress. Evolution of Toyotism Toyotism dissent Inquiries on the working conditions have highlighted that the application of the Toyotism, far from leading to self-fulfillment of the workforce, was, on the contrary, translated into work intensification. Indeed, the work is often less repetitive than in the past and certain painful physical tasks were able to be mechanized, but other constraints have appeared. The production running downstream means that the production has to react to the requests of the clients. In a company such as Toyota, these requests are obviously indirect: they express themselves through the variety of the production in answer to the demand of the distributor. As an example, Toyota factories can build eight different models on the same production line and the company proposes 60 different models in Japan, without counting the specific versions in the production units outside Japan. The subcontracted parts, such as seats are ordered to the supplier once the car has entered the production line, and are delivered in a few hours. So the deadline constraint is intensified by the production in tense flows. Previously, the operators negotiated their rhythm or their working time with the Direction. In the new organization, it ensues from interactions with the clientele. A commercial constraint is added to the industrial constraint. The impact of the work organization is increased by the use of information and communication techniques which deepen the commercial constraint. For example, the devices of traceability allow the customer to know at any time at what stage is his order is, and who deals with it! More and more employees have standards and deadlines to meet, in order to answer quickly to the demand requirements. Besides the extension of the work under cadence, we observe an increase of the repetitive work. The versatility consists, for an operator, to perform several successive elementary operations of a manufacturing line. So the versatility remains confined in elementary tasks: the worker must be able to adapt himself to the new simple and repetitive tasks imposed to him. It corresponds more to a flexibilisation of the tasks than to an enrichment. The polyactivity doesnt imply an important increase of the qualification of the operator: the autonomy is to be put into perspective. Furthermore, the part of the individual decision-making in the daily activities of the operator remains very limited. All these arguments can explain why the workforce quickly contested Toyotism: improving this new production logic was imperative. New forms of Toyotism In order to answer and react to the growing dispute and to be more productive, Toyota developed and improved new working organization forms. These innovations are implemented differently depending on the production site. Quality circles Quality circles are meetings held outside working hours and on a voluntary basis, to solve certain problems and perfect the production process. Its a workgroup consisting of operators and executives, established around the kaizen activities, which covers questions of quality, maintenance, safety, cost price. Besides, it allows to defuse conflicts, which are sources of losses for the company. By favoring the communication between the employees, through regular meetings, the mobilization and the motivation of the employees are increased, and the quality of products improves. The post rotation It consists of a workforce rotation on the various posts of the same assembly chain, to break the dullness of the work. However, the rotation did not really become widespread, probably because not so much needed by the company. The task extension It consists in grouping together various tasks for the same workstation. The task extension contributes to limiting the horizontal division of the work. The task enrichment It consists in improving the workers motivation by augmenting the interest of their work, by adding for example tasks considered more developing such as the control, the maintenance The tasks enrichment contributes to limiting the vertical division of the work. The participative management It consists in associating the employees to the process of decision regarding the organization of the daily work, the evolution of the results The management by objectives The superiors assign objectives to their subordinates, without defining precise modalities, and they will be evaluated on the difference between the objectives and the obtained results. The semiautonomous teamwork It consists in constituting a group of workers whose members are in charge of defining by themselves the working modalities allowing them to reach the company objectives. This mode of organization relies on the auto-organization and the self-regulation of the group, because the group is collectively responsible for the production. During the 70s, Toyotism was seen as the key to assert in competition. Indeed, the decline of costs, the productivity and quality improvements were more organizational innovations than technological innovations. But the functioning conditions of Toyotas productive organization cannot be pushed farther, in particular as regards the tension on the flows of supply and on the working strength: the intensity of the work cannot be any more increased! Management in Toyota today Management development and learning organizations Since the 80s, the set up system meets certain limits (seen above) and, confronted with new elements such as the decline of the dollar and the increase of the yen, as well as the sourness of the international competition, Toyota had to opt for new strategies. Thus, Toyota adopted an offensive strategy but also a defensive strategy. The defensive strategy consists in favoring a policy of internationalization of the production. Major principles are that products, production centers and management must be adapted to the working local conditions. Furthermore, the local profits must be reinvested locally. Nowadays, Toyota really focuses on understanding the consumer needs and his wants. As an example, today, most of Toyotas plants are outside Japan. They implanted their manufactures where the demand was, in order to better to satisfy it and to reduce transportation costs. Moreover, transportation does not add any value that the customer is eager to pay for. Instead, the customer is willing to pay the product less, whereas, because of transportation, the price increases. This is a concrete example of Toyotas new management. Toyota can easily satisfy the demand because Toyota is where the demand is. The offensive strategy consists in looking for a diversification in production. As an example, a branch of Toyota dashed into Research Development and into electronic production (integrated circuits). In the book Toyota Way written by Jeffrey Liker, 14 management principles are identified. According to the author, those principles make Toyota the worlds greatest manufacturer. Become a Learning Organization is one of these principles. Its possible to summarize Toyotas learning organization in three key elements:   Identify root causes and develop countermeasures. By asking the question why as many times as possible, Toyota determines the root cause of a problem. Use Hansei: responsibility, self-reflection, and organizational learning. Hansei is a concept that Toyota uses as a practical improvement tool like Kaizen: improvements are fed back into the organization and then disseminated. Utilize policy deployment (Hoshin Kanri) This method consists in fixing strategic goals, measuring todays success and planning the future: Toyota wants measurable and concrete objectives. Toyota has well understood that the learning by the practice (learning by doing) allowed every car to be more effectively produced than the previous one. The learning by the practice is the increase of the knowledge bound to the exercise of the productive activity. The continual evolution of the organization is justified for any complex process because the problems and the ideal solutions do not appear immediately at the stage of the conception of the process of production; it is also the consequence of the adaptation to the market. Toyotas culture: the Toyota way The Toyota Way describes the promoted values that comprises Toyotas culture and guides the daily decision making of its employees. It rests on 2 fundamental pillars: Challenge: seeing problems as challenges will help improving the global performance. Kaizen: continuous improvement which is embedded in the belief that employees should come to work each day with the goal of becoming better than the day before. Genchi Genbutsu: going to the source to find the factors that can help make the best decisions, build consensus and achieve goals. As an example, a solution is easily built around arguments based on facts rather than relying on hearsays. Respect: expressing different opinions in ways that respect others, emphasizing everyone for their skills and knowledge, trying to understand and listen to each other, building mutual trust Teamwork: sharing knowledge, maximizing individual and team performance, putting the firms interest before individual interests. The goal of such an organization is to match people with tasks that inspire them and that best utilize their abilities. It is also to design tasks and strategies that can cope with environmental demands and opportunities. The firms culture should reinforce these efforts. One of the reasons Toyota has been so successful for so many years is the alignment among these aspects. Toyotas culture is very strong and it is a real strength for the company, the Toyota way will hopefully help sustain their success in the future: until today, no other company could have the same specific culture. Toyota tries to combine adaptation and quality within an organization leading to qualification. Conclusion Toyota was a formerly small company that outwitted bigger competitors to become the worlds largest automaker, thanks to the philosophy of continuous improvements. The expectation of this philosophy is that empowered employees will work with a committed management to build systems that respond to customers with ever-lower cost and higher quality. Their current success in not their final achievement, they are never satisfied and always want to improve their actions. Toyota wants to discover and improve better alternatives, rethink their accomplishments, investigate future possible successes: they commit to improve continuously!

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and its Author Essay -- Young Goodman

     Ã‚   Initially, of course, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s literary works went unranked among those of other American and British writers. But his reputation grew gradually even among contemporary critics, until he was recognized as a â€Å"man of genius.† Edgar Allen Poe, in a review of Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† which had been written 12 years prior, said in Godey's Lady's Book, November, 1847, no. 35, pp. 252-6: It was never the fashion (until lately) to speak of him in any summary of our best authors. . . . The "peculiarity" or sameness, or monotone of Hawthorne, would, in its mere character of "peculiarity," and without reference to what is the peculiarity, suffice to deprive him of all chance of popular appreciation. But at his failure to be appreciated, we can, of course, no longer wonder, when we find him monotonous at decidedly the worst of all possible points--at that point which, having the least concern with Nature, is the farthest removed from the popular intellect, from the popular sentiment and from the popular taste. I allude to the strain of allegory which completely overwhelms the greater number of his subjects. So literary critic Edgar Allan Poe thinks that Hawthorne’s heavy reliance on allegory is the cause of his lack of popularity during the 1830’s and 40’s. In 1848 James Russell Lowell wrote a piece of poetry entitled â€Å"Hawthorne† for the periodical A Fable for Critics:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "There is Hawthorne, with genius so shrinking and rare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That you hardly at first see the strength that is there;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A frame so robust, with a nature so sweeet,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So earnest, so graceful, so lithe and so fleet,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is worth a descent from Olympus to meet;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   'Tis as if a rough oak that for ages ha... ..... Yesterdays With Authors. 1871. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/ywa3.html    â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Complete Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc.,1959.    James, Henry. Hawthorne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.    James, Henry. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne,† Nation, March 14, 1872. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/hjnat.html    Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. â€Å"Hawthorne- 1804-1864.† 1864. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhlong.html    Lowell, James Russell. â€Å"Hawthorne.† In A Fable For Critics. 1848. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/fable.html    Melville, Herman. â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses,† The Literary World August 17, 24, 1850.      

Sprint Financial Condition

Sprint Nextel Corporation is the third largest wireless communications company in the United States offering a comprehensive range of wireless and wireline communications products and services that are designed to meet the needs of individual consumers, businesses, and government subscribers. Sprint Nextel Corporation has seen revenues shrink from $35. 6 billion to 32. 3 billion, though the company was able to grow net income from a loss of $2. 8 billion to a smaller loss of $2. billion. A reduction in the percentage of sales devoted to selling, general and administrative costs from 31. 5% to 29. 30% was a key component in the bottom line growth in the face of falling revenues. Although debt as a percent of total capital increased at Sprint Nextel Corporation over the last fiscal year, it is still in-line with the wireless telecommunication services industry’s norm. Additionally, there are enough liquid assets to satisfy current obligations. Accounts Receivable is typical for the industry, with an average 40 day average collection period. Last, inventories seem to be well managed as the inventory processing period is typical for the industry, at 18 days. In tough economic times, Sprint is generating substantial cash and reducing costs to ensure to remain financially sound. They have cash on hand to be able to meet their debt requirements. The company is expected to continue generating positive free cash flow during 2009. Sprint Nextel Corporation has been having a rough time trying to keep up with its competitions, AT&T and Verizon. Sprint Nextel has been posting loss after loss, loss in profit, loss in number of subscribers, and so on, but despite how things appear on the surface, analyst appear to be optimistic with the future outcome of Sprint Nextel financial position. There is no indication as to how long it will take Sprint Nextel to accomplish this goal, the numbers are consistently moving in a positive direction.

Examination Of The Fourth Amendment - 2339 Words

Examination of the Fourth Amendment The fundamental purpose of the Fourth Amendment in the United States Constitution is to protect every citizen’s right from unreasonable searches and seizures. The Bill of Rights composed of the first 10 amendments states the limits of governmental authority. For instance, the First Amendment guarantees individuals’ natural rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and press. In addition, the Fourth Amendment restricts government intrusions into personal privacy and property. Both the Bill of Rights and the Fourth Amendment emerged from several English political documents such as the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights (Bill of Rights - Bill of Rights Institute). Among these documents, the Magna Carta particularly had a major influence on the establishment of the Fourth Amendment. Although the majority of the laws addressed in the document are no longer valid in today’s democratic system, the Mag na Carta was the first written document to guarantee citizens’ rights (Sen). Prior to the American Revolution, the American colonies were not protected from unreasonable infringement. For instance, the British colonists enforced tax measures by general searches, which constituted an unacceptable intrusion (Levy). 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